tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28115415824846736982024-03-14T00:10:11.523-07:00SABICA ELEKTRONIKMENGUPAS SEGALAHAL BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN DUNIA ELEKTRONIKAsabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-52732424348202766112013-10-28T19:59:00.001-07:002013-10-28T20:00:47.529-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table border="0">
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sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-92166071067056631372013-10-28T19:57:00.001-07:002013-10-28T19:57:20.349-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-4102907085951879692012-12-16T17:39:00.002-08:002012-12-16T17:39:31.278-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-84173138151516481772010-06-03T02:48:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:48:26.218-07:00RANGKAIAN IC 555 SEBAGAI TIMER<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQwdv9l1T7nXPlL7hlcx_0zice_2FBMf9Tv0DTpwTG2Xtt3TOocGH2Z6c_wohOz-Uckvg7AXwZWFgRrrqNx1dQC5X3C-goDlNjbx0fhWUjiJHhoDhqCBi49eODINYka9dK0yxdejJpk2D2/s1600/555ff2_sch.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQwdv9l1T7nXPlL7hlcx_0zice_2FBMf9Tv0DTpwTG2Xtt3TOocGH2Z6c_wohOz-Uckvg7AXwZWFgRrrqNx1dQC5X3C-goDlNjbx0fhWUjiJHhoDhqCBi49eODINYka9dK0yxdejJpk2D2/s640/555ff2_sch.gif" width="640" /></a></div>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-68564888082794888602010-06-03T02:40:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:40:30.562-07:00TIMER 556<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">DISCLAIMER: This timer has not been thoroughly tested and thus, should be considered experimental. Use of this design is entirely at the risk of the user. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><b>Why I did it </b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">It appears the many people have had problems with ejection charge delays ("bonus" delays, need a -5.5 and not -4 or -7, etc.) This made me wonder how hard it would be to make an electronic time delay unit. Since it would be electronic, it wouldn't suffer from the same sort of problems currently found in todays motor's. However, new problems might arise. There was also some lamenting from the 6-C cluster altitude competitors that the existing motor time delays were not long enough to achieve the maximum altitude possible with those models. So I thought I'd make it as skinny as possible to be of use for competitors and easily adjustable for various applications. The commercial timers you can buy today are pretty pricey and some seem rather low-tech, relying on pull-plugs and the like to start the timer. I'd make mine cheap and completely self-contained. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Here's the challenge I undertook. Build an adjustable electronic ejection charge delay timer that will be: BT-5 sized, adjustable over a wide range of times (0.5 to 30 s), inexpensive (<$10), entirely self-contained (no external plugs, wires, etc.) and fire a <a class="menu3" href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseout="UnTip()" onmouseover="Tip('A magnesium-filled glass bulb once commonly used in photography. In rocketry flashbulbs are used to ignite thermalite fuses or BP charges for second stage ignition or recovery device deployment. They have the advantage of requiring very low electrical impulses to activate them. However this attribute also makes them susceptible to accidental activation by static electricity. <BR><BR><B>Please send EMRR a Picture for this Glossary Word</B>', WIDTH, 400, ABOVE, true, OFFSETX, 1, FADEIN, 400, FADEOUT, 300, CLOSEBTN, true, CLICKCLOSE, true)">flashbulb</a> for the ejection charge. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">The timer consists of basically four parts: the timer, the timer adjustment, the acceleration sensor and the battery. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><b>Timer </b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">For relatively long time delays (a few to many seconds or even hours if you'd like), the chip of choice is the 555 timer. By adjusting one capacitor and resistor, a wide range of pulse widths are possible. The problem is that a single 555 timer outputs a pulse of a given length immediately following a trigger. I wanted a pulse after a given time delay. So, I needed two 555 timers. The output pulse of the first timer would be the trigger for the second, whose output pulse would fire a flashbulb. These two timers can be found on a single chip, the 556 dual timer, which consists of two independent 555s. Another benefit of the 555 is the relatively high output current of 200 mA. Figure 1 below shows the timer scematic. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">There are several technical issues which need to be addressed in using the 555 for long time delays. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">The time delay for the 555 is given by 1.1RC, where R and C are the timing resistor and capacitor, respectively. There are maximum practical values for these components. R cannot be much more than a few megaohms due to the minimum charging currents needed by the chip and the maximum C value is typically set by the leakage current internal to the capacitor. Long time delays call for tantalum cpacitors, with low leakage. Although probably not required here, I used them to be safe and also because of their relatively small size. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">I also wanted the second timer to be triggered by the trailing edge of the first timer's output pulse and not anytime else. This required a differentiator circuit between the output of the first and the second timers. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">The characteristics of the launch sensor will dictate wheteher you want a differentiator or integrator between it and the first timer. If you desire some immunity to premature triggers, an integrator can delay the trigger for a fraction of a second. This will add to your total time delay and requires a good <a class="menu3" href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseout="UnTip()" onmouseover="Tip('<img src=../../images/glossary/gswitch.gif HEIGHT=34 WIDTH=200 ALIGN=right VSPACE=3 HSPACE=3> A mechanical device which detects the presence of acceleration through the movement of a weighted electrical contact. g-switches are normally used in combination with other electronic devices such as timers. For example an electronic timer can be programmed to count down a certain number of seconds after the Gswitch closes an electrical circuit at the end of which time the timer closes a second circuit which activates a deployment charge or sustainer motor igniter.', WIDTH, 400, ABOVE, true, OFFSETX, 1, FADEIN, 400, FADEOUT, 300, CLOSEBTN, true, CLICKCLOSE, true)">g-switch</a> that will stay closed under acceleration. If you are unsure of your g-switch or if it will stay closed well after launch, a differentiator should be used. In this case a safe/arm switch should be added to prevent setting off the ejection charge when jostling the rocket. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><b>Timer adjustment </b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">In order to get a variety of repeatable time delays, I had to gang together either a group of resistors of capacitors. I chose to go with resistors since they can be found in a wider array of values than the capacitors and they can be found with tighter tolerances as well. I made a variable resistor by soldering the resistors across the terminals of a 6-pin DIP switch, with the switches connected in series. This way, when the switch is off, the corresponding resistor gets its value added to the timing resistor total. When the switch is on, the resistor is shorted out and the resistor does not add to the total. See figure 2 below. With the values shown, this timer will allow delays from 0.5 to 31.5 s in 0.5 s increments. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><b>Launch sensor </b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">I wanted my timer to sense liftoff and set the delays from that point. A g-switch would have been ideal. I found several manufacturers who sell them, but since they are mil-spec parts, they tend to be quite expensive ($10-$20 apiece in small quantities). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">I made a few home-made g-switches to save some money. The first was made by epoxying a small ball of lead on top of a modified pushbutton switch. This switch was opened, the spring discarded and replaced by a small sliver of foam. This would close at liftoff. However, I worried about the reliability of such a switch. I also opened a tiny 5V relay and soldered a weight to the movable arm of the relay. This looked to be much more reliable than the first switch but was still a little expensive ($3). I recently found a very low force (<10 gram) tiny switch from an electronics surplus catalog for $0.30, I hope they work well. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">A <a class="menu3" href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseout="UnTip()" onmouseover="Tip('An electrical switching device consisting of an oval glass bulb which contains two electrical contacts (penetrating the bulb and at one end of the oval) and a drop of mercury. In hobby rocketry mercury switches are used to detect the absence of acceleration in a moving rocket. When the rocket launches acceleration forces hold the mercury drop at the bottom of the bulb away from the electrical contacts. When the rocket’s acceleration ceases the mercury - which is a heavy metal and stores considerable momentum - moves forward in the bulb bridges the gap between the contacts and closes the electrical circuit. The electrical circuits controlled by mercury switches are most commonly used to activate recovery system deployment charges or sustainer motor igniters. <BR><BR><B>Please send EMRR a Picture for this Glossary Word</B>', WIDTH, 400, ABOVE, true, OFFSETX, 1, FADEIN, 400, FADEOUT, 300, CLOSEBTN, true, CLICKCLOSE, true)">mercury switch</a> could be used as well, but is not exactly what I wanted, as it would sense the rocket decelleration after motor burnout and not the launch. I was hesitant about this since the decelleration is much lower than the launch acceleration. Using the mercury switch may also cause some timing problems with long-burn motors that are severely regressive, since the rocket may acually be decellerating when the motor is still burning. However, the point at which the rocket starts to decellerate can still be found using simulation, and the appropriate time delay chosen. Delay times for most motors with relatively constant thrust would be chosen just like the <a class="menu3" href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseout="UnTip()" onmouseover="Tip('Of or pertaining to fire or explosion. The term is most commonly used with reference to fireworks. <BR><BR><B>Please send EMRR a Picture for this Glossary Word</B>', WIDTH, 400, ABOVE, true, OFFSETX, 1, FADEIN, 400, FADEOUT, 300, CLOSEBTN, true, CLICKCLOSE, true)">pyrotechnic</a> delays currently used. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">A pull plug or lever switch against the launch rod could also be used, but would violate my self-containment goal. However, this option is quite inexpensive. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><b>Battery </b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">I needed a battery with from 5-15 V that would fit in a BT-5. A little perusal of the battery display at a local store came up with the A23 battery. This is 12 V and has the diameter of a AAA battery and about 2/3 the length. A plastic N-cell battery holder will fit in a BT-5 if the corners are trimmed off. This battery will just barely fire an AG-1 flashbulb by itself, so I added a 1000 uF capacitor discharged through a HEXFET to provide the high peak current to fire the flashbulb. </span><br />
<center> <span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Timer Schematics<br />
<img alt="[Schematic]" height="554" src="http://www.rocketreviews.com/images3/scratch_tiny_timer1.gif" width="428" /></span><br />
</center> <span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><b>Test Results </b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">I have flown the prototype with the relay g-switch several times with good results. I have made up PC boards and have the components (except for the g-switch and battery) to make the timers available in kit form for $15. The PC board version is *MUCH* neater than my prototype. </span><br />
<center> <span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"><img alt="[Schematic]" height="415" src="http://www.rocketreviews.com/images3/scratch_tiny_timer2.gif" width="699" /></span><br />
</center> <span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">0.01 uF capacitors have a red stripe on the package, the 1 uF caps a blue stripe and 4.7 uF a green stripe. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">You should probably solder the right most 1uF capacitor after the 556, or at least with the 556 in place since I didn't leave much room for that part. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">The drain side of the IRFD110 has the two pins connected. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Bend up the headers to make room for the connectors, or you can solder two conductor wire directly to the board for remote on/off and flashbulb connections.<br />
</span><br />
<h3><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"> Hints</span></h3><h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"> Battery:</span></h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">For a true BT-5 timer, a radio shack N-cell holder can be trimmed down to fit. This will accommodate an A23 12 V pager battery. There are also skinny NiCd battery stacks that might fit and could be soldered directly to the timer if a charging connection is added. I have a 7.2 V NiCd that fits in a BT-5 but I haven't tested it yet. A 9 V<br />
battery with snap holder will work well if minimum size is not an issue. </span><h4> <span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">G-switch options:</span></h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">BT-5 compatible: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Mercury switch to detect decelleration at motor burnout.<br />
Small detector switch with lead ball on plunger (not tested)<br />
Small relay with weight on lever arm ( used in prototype but needs<br />
major surgery to fit in BT-5 on PC board) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Larger: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Electronics Goldmine mechanical airbag g-switch (not in catalog any more) <br />
Lever switch against launch rod (requires use of differentiator circuit(see below)) </span><br />
<h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"> Integrator vs differentator g-switch circuits:</span></h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Differentiator: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Good for use with unreliable g-switch since any intermittent switch closing will trigger timer. Will make timer prone to false triggers if g-switch is sensitive. This may make ejection charge go off on the pad if rocket is jostled. Required for switch that stays on since a constant on (trigger to ground) will inhibit the second stage of the timer from triggering. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Integrator (included in kit but not tested) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">This requires the g-switch to activate for about 0.5 s before timer is initiated. This will guard against false triggers but requires a reliable g-switch. May inhibit second stage from triggering if g-switch is on at end of timing interval. Probably not good for short timing intervals since decay time after g-switch opens is about 5 s. </span><br />
<h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;"> Time interval setting</span></h4><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">Turn *off* DIP switches to set time intervals: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">#1 - 0.5 s<br />
#2 - 1.0 s<br />
#3 - 2.0 s<br />
#4 - 4.0 s<br />
#5 - 8.0 s<br />
#6 - 16.0 s </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">So that an 11 second interval would have 2, 3 and 5 off, the rest on. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,san-serif;">The 22uF capacitor is a 20% tolerance part so check the long interval to see how close you are to 16 s, the lower<br />
switches should be nearly exact factors of 2 smaller ( the resistors are 1% tolerance). </span>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-77906657608413361352010-06-03T02:37:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:37:47.099-07:00<div align="center" class="normal1"><b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"> Darkroom Timer v2.0A for PCB Exposure Box<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="EN-US">PIC based automatic timer for a PCB exposure box</span></span></b><align="center"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">author: </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <a href="mailto:billy@ee.auth.gr"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Vassilis Papanikolaou</span></a></span></span> <align="center" align="center" style="text-align: center;"></align="center"></align="center"></div><hr color="#000000" size="1" width="90%" /> <div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">This is an improved version of the Darkroom Timer originally created by Stan Ockers (1999). Some extra features were added and the PIC code was modified accordingly </span></div><blockquote> <blockquote> <div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US"> <img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /></span><span lang="en-us"> Lamp(s) light at start of timing and turn off when timer reaches zero.</span> <span lang="EN-US"> <img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /></span><span lang="en-us"> A set of leds were added between the minute and second leds which blink during timer operation.</span> <span lang="EN-US"> <img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /></span><span lang="en-us"> 7 segment displays include tails for digits 6 and 9.</span> <span lang="EN-US"> <img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /></span><span lang="en-us"> A bicolor led (common cathode) indicates standby (green) and <a class="kLink" href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/index.html#" id="KonaLink0" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: relative;">timer</span></span></a> operation (red).</span> <span lang="EN-US"> <img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /></span><span lang="en-us"> Separate PCBs were designed for the led display and the timing system. The <a class="kLink" href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/index.html#" id="KonaLink1" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: relative;">power </span><span class="kLink" style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: relative;">supply</span></span></a> is also integrated in the PCB.</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><br />
<div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US"> The complete <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%20Schematic.pdf"> <u>schematic</u></a>, <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%20PCB.pdf"><u>PCB</u></a> and <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%20Silk.pdf"> <u>silkscreen</u></a> are available in high resolution pdf format. The component values are clearly indicated on the silkscreen. The modified <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer_Source.zip"> <u>source code</u></a> is available in asm and hex format (compiled in MPLAB).</span></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%20Schematic.pdf"> <img border="0" height="587" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/timer_schematic.gif" width="765" /></a></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> Darkroom Timer Schematic</div><div class="normal1"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%20PCB.pdf"> <img border="0" height="315" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/timer_pcb.gif" width="721" /></a></div><div align="center" class="normal1">Darkroom Timer PCB</div><div align="center" class="normal1"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="322" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/timer_layout.gif" width="734" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> Darkroom Timer Silkscreen</div><blockquote> <div align="center" class="normal1"><br />
</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 1pt;"> <div class="normal1"><b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">Parts list</span></b></div></div><div class="normal1"><sub> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></sub><span lang="EN-US"><b><br />
System board</b></span></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">R1 - R7 150 </span>Ω<span lang="EN-US"> 1/4W 5%<br />
R8 - R11 4.7 K</span>Ω<span lang="EN-US"> 1/4W 5%<br />
R12 - R13 1 K</span>Ω<span lang="EN-US"> 1/4W 5%<br />
R14 100 </span>Ω<span lang="EN-US"> 1/4W 5</span><span lang="EN-US">%<br />
R15 75 </span>Ω<span lang="EN-US"> 1/4W 5%<br />
R16 10 K</span>Ω<span lang="EN-US"> 1/4W 5%<br />
C1</span><span lang="EN-GB"> - </span> <span lang="EN-US">C2 22 pF<br />
C3 2200 </span>μ<span lang="EN-US">F/25V electrolytic<br />
C4</span><span lang="EN-GB"> - </span> <span lang="EN-US">C6 100 nF </span></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">D5 1N4001/4004/4007<br />
F1 1A Fuse (with socket and cap)<br />
B1 1A Bridge rectifier<br />
IC1 PIC16F84AP Microcontroller (4MHz clock) (with IC socket)<br />
IC2 74HC4543 BCD to 7-segment decoder (with IC socket)<br />
IC3 7812 voltage regulator<br />
IC4 7805 voltage regulator<br />
PL1 14 pin connector<br />
JP2 6 pin header<br />
K1 12V DC / 220V AC Relay<br />
OK1 CNY17-1 Optocoupler </span></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">OSC1 4MHz Crystal<br />
Q1 - Q4 BC557/558 PNP Transistror<br />
Q5 BC547/548 NPN Transistor<br />
Q6 BC557/558 PNP Transistror<br />
Q7 2N2222 NPN Transistor<br />
TR1 220VAC/15VAC 1VA PCB Transformer </span></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">X1 - X3 2 pin WAGO screw clamp </span></div><div class="normal1"><b><span lang="EN-US">Led board</span></b></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">D1 - D4 Common cathode 7-segment display<br />
LED1 - LED2 Orange Led 3 mm<br />
JP1 Not a connector, cable is soldered directly on the back of the led PCB</span></div><div class="normal1"><b><span lang="EN-US">Box front</span></b></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">Bicolor common cathode led (green-red)<br />
3 push-button switches </span></div><div class="normal1"><br />
</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 1pt;"> <div class="normal1" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;"> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Switch connections</span></b></div></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US"><a class="kLink" href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/index.html#" id="KonaLink2" style="position: static; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="undefined"><span style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; position: relative;">Connector</span></span></a> X1 is connected to the lamp(s)<br />
Connector X2 is connected to 220VAC mains<br />
Connector X3 is connected to the mains switch </span></div><div class="normal1"><span lang="EN-US">Led board is connected to system board via connector PL1 </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" id="table1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 42.2pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 42.2pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">Connector JP2</span></span></div><div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">pin number</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 42.2pt; width: 225px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">Connection</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.1pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span></div></td> <td align="center" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.1pt; width: 225px;"> <div class="normal1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US">START switch</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.1pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span></div></td> <td align="center" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.1pt; width: 225px;"> <div class="normal1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US">SET switch</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.1pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span></div></td> <td align="center" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.1pt; width: 225px;"> <div class="normal1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US">SELECT switch</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 19.5pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span></div></td> <td align="center" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.5pt; width: 225px;"> <div class="normal1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US">Green bicolor led anode</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.1pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">5</span></span></div></td> <td align="center" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.1pt; width: 225px;"> <div class="normal1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US">Red bicolor led anode</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.1pt; width: 159px;"> <div align="center" class="normal1" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US">6</span></span></div></td> <td align="center" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.1pt; width: 225px;"> <div class="normal1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US">Ground</span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></div><div class="normal1"> <span lang="EN-US"> <img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /> Connect the three switches between pins 1, 2, 3 and ground (pin 6). Bicolor led common cathode is connected to ground (pin 6).<br />
<br />
<img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /> Start switch starts the timer. Pressing Start again (before or after timer reaches zero) resets the timer to its initial value.<br />
<br />
<img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /> Set switch sets the time of the current memory position. This is done in a digit‑by‑digit fashion.<br />
<br />
<img border="0" height="7" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/row_2.gif" width="11" /> Select switch rolls the time values through the 15 memory positions.</span></div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 1pt;"> <div class="normal1" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> <b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">Photos</span></b></div></div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></b></div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" height="361" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo1.jpg" width="575" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> The system board</div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" height="251" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo2.jpg" width="575" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> The led board</div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" height="380" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo3.jpg" width="585" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> Connection between system and led boards (PL1)</div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" height="337" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo4.jpg" width="583" /></div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> Connection of switches and bicolor led (JP2) done in breadboard<br />
Normally switches and bicolor led are attached to the front of exposure box<br />
</div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="442" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo5.jpg" width="585" /></div></blockquote><div align="center" class="normal1"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Board testing with externally applied DC on the 7812 regulator (for safety reasons)</span></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> </div><blockquote> <div class="normal1"> <span lang="EN-US">A real time <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%201.mov"><u>video</u></a> is also available. Pay attention to the blinking leds between minutes and seconds and the bicolor led indicating both operation (red) and standby (green). Unfortunately there is no sound for the relay clicks to be heard !</span></div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></blockquote><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="401" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo7.jpg" width="531" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="403" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo6.jpg" width="532" /></div><blockquote> <div class="normal1"> <span lang="EN-US">The <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer%202.mov"><u>second video</u></a> shows some real action ! A common light bulb turns on and off exactly like in a PCB exposure box.</span></div></blockquote><div class="normal1"><a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer_doc.zip"> <img border="0" height="13" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/arrow.gif" width="13" /> Download whole project in .doc format (without pdf files)</a> - 3,57MB<br />
<a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer.zip"> <img border="0" height="13" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/arrow.gif" width="13" /> Download additional photos in .doc format</a> - 3,88MB<br />
<a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/DarkroomTimer.zip"> <img border="0" height="13" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/images/arrow.gif" width="13" /> Download whole project in .zip format (with pdf files)</a> - 3,97MB</div><div class="normal1"><br />
</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 1pt;"> <div class="normal1" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> <b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">Photos of the Darkroom timer installed on the exposure unit</span></b></div></div><div class="normal1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="455" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo9.jpg" width="608" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="367" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo10.jpg" width="497" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The system board, LCD board and switches installed<br />
Notice the common ground for push buttons and bicolor led (JP2 Pin 6)</span><br />
</div><div align="center" class="normal1"> <img border="0" height="391" src="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/photo11.jpg" width="519" /></div><div align="center" class="normal1"> The darkroom timer during operation</div>A third <a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/oscillators_timers/005/ExposureBox.mov"><u>video</u></a> shows the pcb exposure box in operation. A plain lamp was used in this video but when you have UV lamps installed, never leave the top lid open !sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-62416540726501158502010-06-03T02:34:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:34:24.971-07:00IC 555 One-Shot Timer Project<h2 id="post-162"><a href="http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/555-one-shot-timer-circuit/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: 555 One-Shot Timer Project">555 One-Shot Timer Project</a></h2><img alt="555 timer" src="http://www.finkbuilt.com/static/images/articles/timer6.jpg" /><br />
<span class="dropcap">I</span> suppose that if you set out to build a <a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/Make-an-LED-Blaster/">Blaster Pistol</a>, you should expect that somewhere along the way you might be required to construct a <em>Uranium PU-36 Space Modulator</em>, but I wasn’t prepared to build a <em>Oneshot Monostable Multivibrator</em>. <br />
When I first thought about adding light and sound to my raygun project, I really just envisioned using the gun’s trigger as a switch to turn on the sound and light effects – done. But I quickly realized that the effects would need to pulse in a consistent and controlled manner. With each trigger pull, you should get a pulse of light, and a blast sound. To seem convincing, the duration of the pulse should be the same each time and only happen once when you pull the trigger even if you were to keep the trigger switch closed. And you don’t want the sound effect looping over and over or getting cut short.<br />
<h3>The 555 Timer IC</h3>When I surveyed my expert sources for advice about how to better control my effects, the resounding answer was “use a 555 timer”. <br />
I have built a lot of electronic <strong>kits</strong> in my day, but for some reason every time I try to tinker with building my own circuits from scratch, I fail miserably. I have tried a number of times to teach myself the fundamentals of electronics by getting some components and building a small amplifier or some such project, but it never seems to work out. This time I was determined to make it work, so I researched 555 timer circuits, bought a few of the IC’s and gave it another try. But before getting into it, I went to Ebay and bought a huge lot of resistors, capacitors, a breadboard, jumpers, and other components that someone else had cast off, probably after becoming frustrated with learning electronics. I remembered from my previous forays that one of the most frustrating things about experimenting was not having the right resistor or capacitor on hand and having to run to radio shack and pay $10.00 for .30 cents worth of parts and still not get what you need.<br />
<img alt="555 timer" src="http://www.finkbuilt.com/static/images/articles/timer3.jpg" /><br />
Even with great determination and much time devoted to the project, it was still sort of frustrating. You see, the 555 has been in use since the early 1970’s and seems to have been <em>the</em> mainstay IC of homebrew electronics experimenters until PICs became ubiquitous. There are literally thousands of circuits out there that are built around the 555, and I found 5 or 6 that looked to be just what I needed. However, the first three designs that I tried all failed to work as advertised (if they did anything at all). I was remember why I had given up on circuit craft those other times.<br />
Finally, over on <a href="http://home.cogeco.ca/%7Erpaisley4/LM555.html#2">Rob Paisley’s site</a> I found a circuit that looked a little different than the standard 555 one-shot.<br />
This one actually worked. <br />
<img alt="555 timer" src="http://www.finkbuilt.com/static/images/articles/timer4.gif" /><br />
<img alt="555 timer" src="http://www.finkbuilt.com/static/images/articles/timer5.gif" /><br />
Once I had the timer pulsing an LED on the breadboard, I started adding the actual effects that I wanted to use in my project. I want the firing sequence to do 3 things:<br />
1) Pulse a cluster of super bright red LEDs with a forward blast of light.<br />
2) Shoot out a blast of red laser light that with project a nice red spot all the way across a well-lit room.<br />
3) Make a nice laser gun sound that is synchronized with the lights.<br />
I bought a little laser diode assembly on ebay that came with a focusable collimating lens, which allows you to spread the usual pinpoint laser dot out into a bigger red blob.<br />
For the sound effect, I bought a <a href="http://www.radioshack.com/sm-9-volt-20-second-recording-module--pi-2102855.html">Radio Shack recordable sound module</a>. To get the sound onto the module, I cut of the microphone and clipped the leads to an RCA-to-mini stereo cable and plugged that into the headphone jack of my computer. By pushing the record button on the module and the play button on the computer at the same time I was able to load up a laser sound that I found somewhere on the web.<br />
<h3>Adding Transistors</h3>When I added the laser to the circuit, things stared going haywire. I guessed that the laser, LED, and sound board circuits would need to be isolated from each other, so I used the signal from the 555 to trigger an NPN transistor to switch on the LEDs. Then I ran a jumper from the emitter of the LED transistor to trigger the another transistor to turn on the laser. <br />
Things were better but still erratic, so I added diodes to the transistor base connections, which fixed the problems. I removed the play button from the sound module and soldered on some wires in its place. I used a third transistor to trigger the sound board. I also had to add diodes to the sound board power leads, or it would cause the laser to put out only a faint glow. It’s all very mysterious.<br />
<h3>Building The Circuit</h3><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/lodefink/2172684233/" title="Click to see flickr notes"><img alt="555" src="http://www.finkbuilt.com/static/images/articles/timer2.jpg" /></a><br />
Once I had all the bugs worked out, I dismantled the breadboard version and rebuilt the circuit on a piece of perforated circuit board. Even though I used the exact same components that I had used in the breadboard setup, it didn’t work quite right when I built it on the circuit board. I had to change the timing resistor to get the correct timer pulse, and use a different current limiting resistor to make the laser come on. Lots of trial and error, but I have a great sense of accomplishment for getting further than I have in my previous attempts at homebrew electronics.<br />
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/lodefink/2173477232/" title="view flickr notes"><img alt="555 timer" src="http://www.finkbuilt.com/static/images/articles/timer1.jpg" /></a>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-70693634523877057122010-06-03T02:31:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:31:42.292-07:00Timer with buzzer and optocoupler by IC 4060This small Timer circuit by sam(good electronic man).<br />
sam say “A small circuit that can find a lot applications of measurement time. She has the possibility us inform with sound signal from the BZ1. At the same time, exist the possibility drive a external circuit via the optocoupler IC2, after we connect the applicable circuit in contacts [ A ] and [ B ]. The circuit is based on IC1 (4060), which include in his inside, oscillator and a binary divider of 14 stage. The frequency operation of oscillator is determined by a circuit R-C that connected in pins 9,10,11 of IC1. We give supply in the circuit, with switch S1,…”<br />
<a href="http://www.eleccircuit.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/timer_with_buzzer_and_optocupler.gif" title="Timer with buzzer and optocoupler by IC 4060"><img alt="Timer with buzzer and optocoupler by IC 4060" src="http://www.eleccircuit.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/timer_with_buzzer_and_optocupler.thumbnail.gif" /></a><br />
Read more : http://users.otenet.gr/~athsam/timer_with_buzzer_and_optocupler.htmsabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-43439711418491358722010-06-03T02:28:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:28:46.474-07:00IC 555 SEBAGAI TIMER ASTABIL<h2><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to 555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator">555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator</a></h2><div class="postmetatop"><div class="auth"> <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/author/jojo/" title="Posts by jojo">jojo</a></div><div class="date"> September - 9 - 2009</div></div><div class="entry"> <div class="alignright"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitstoday.com%2F555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator&t=555%20Timer%20as%20an%20Astable%20Multivibrator&src=sp" name="fb_share" style="text-decoration: none;" type="box_count"><span class="fb_share_size_Small fb_share_count_wrapper"><span></span><span class="fb_share_count_nub_top fb_share_no_count"></span><span class="fb_share_count fb_share_no_count fb_share_count_top"><span class="fb_share_count_inner"> </span></span><span class="FBConnectButton FBConnectButton_Small" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="FBConnectButton_Text">Share</span></span></span></a><script src="http://static.ak.fbcdn.net/connect.php/js/FB.Share" type="text/javascript">
</script></div><div class="tweetmeme_button" style="float: right; margin: 10px;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="61" scrolling="no" src="http://api.tweetmeme.com/button.js?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitstoday.com%2F555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator&source=circuitstoday&style=normal" width="50"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>An astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator</strong>, is a rectangular-wave generating circuit. Unlike the monostable multivibrator, this circuit does not require any external trigger to change the state of the output, hence the name free-running. Before going to make the circuit, make sure your 555 IC is working. For that go through the article: <strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-tester-circuit">How to test a 555 IC for working</a></strong> An astable multivibrator can be produced by adding resistors and a capacitor to the basic timer IC, as illustrated in figure. The timing during which the output is either high or low is determined by the externally connected two resistors and a capacitor. The details of the astable multivibrator circuit are given below.</div><div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_1835" style="width: 310px;"><dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/555-astable-multivibrator.jpg"><img alt="555-Astable-Multivibrator" class="size-medium wp-image-1835" height="155" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/555-astable-multivibrator-300x155.jpg" title="555-astable-multivibrator" width="300" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">555-Astable-Multivibrator</dd></dl></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Take a look @<strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-pin-configuration"> 555 Ic Pin configuration</a></strong> and <strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-block-diagram">555 block diagram</a></strong> before reading further.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pin 1 is grounded; pins 4 and 8 are shorted and then tied to supply +Vcc, output (V<sub>OUT </sub>is taken form pin 3; pin 2 and 6 are shorted and the connected to ground through capacitor C, pin 7 is connected to supply + V<sub>CC</sub> through a resistor R<sub>A</sub>; and between pin 6 and 7 a resistor R<sub>B</sub> is connected. At pin 5 either a bypass capacitor of 0.01 F is connected or modulation input is applied.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Astable Multivibrator Operation</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">For explaining the operation of the <strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-introduction">timer 555</a></strong> as an astable multivibrator, necessary internal circuitry with external connections are shown in figure.</div><div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_1836" style="width: 310px;"><dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/astable-multivibrator-operation.jpg"><img alt="Astable-Multivibrator-Operation" class="size-medium wp-image-1836" height="199" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/astable-multivibrator-operation-300x199.jpg" title="astable-multivibrator-operation" width="300" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">Astable-Multivibrator-Operation</dd></dl></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In figure, when Q is low or output V<sub>OUT</sub> is high, the discharging transistor is cut-off and the capacitor C begins charging toward V<sub>CC</sub> through resistances R<sub>A</sub> and R<sub>B</sub>. Because of this, the charging time constant is (R<sub>A</sub> + R<sub>B</sub>) C. Eventually, the threshold voltage<strong> </strong>exceeds +2/3 V<sub>CC</sub>, the comparator 1 has a high output and triggers the flip-flop so that its Q is high and the timer output is low. With Q high, the discharge transistor saturates and pin 7 grounds so that the capacitor C discharges through resistance R<sub>B</sub> with a discharging time constant R<sub>B</sub> C. With the discharging of capacitor, trigger voltage at inverting input of comparator 2 decreases. When it drops below 1/3V<sub>CC</sub>, the output of comparator 2 goes high and this reset the flip-flop so that Q is low and the timer output is high. This proves the auto-transition in output from low to high and then to low as, illustrated in fig ures. Thus the cycle repeats.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Astable Multivibrator using 555 IC -Design method</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The time during which the capacitor C charges from 1<strong>/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong> to 2/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong> </strong>is equal to the time the output is high and is given as <strong>t</strong><sub><strong>c</strong></sub><strong> or T</strong><sub><strong>HIGH</strong></sub><strong> = 0.693 (R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong> + R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>) C</strong>, which is proved below.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during charging period is given as,<strong>v</strong><sub><strong>c</strong></sub><strong>=V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong>(1-e</strong><sup><strong>t/RC</strong></sup><strong>)</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The time taken by the capacitor to charge from 0 to +1/3 V<sub>CC</sub></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><sub><span style="font-size: 13px;"><strong>1/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong> </strong><sup><strong>=</strong></sup><strong> V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong> (1-e</strong><sup><strong>t/RC</strong></sup><strong>)</strong></span></sub></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The time taken by the capacitor to charge from 0 to +2/3 V<sub>CC</sub></div><div style="text-align: justify;">or <strong>t</strong><sub><strong>2</strong></sub><strong> = RC log</strong><sub><strong>e </strong></sub><strong>3 = 1.0986 RC</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So the time taken by the capacitor to charge from +1/3 V<sub>CC </sub>to +2/3 V<sub>CC</sub></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong> t</strong><sub><strong>c</strong></sub><strong> = (t</strong><sub><strong>2</strong></sub><strong> – t</strong><sub><strong>1</strong></sub><strong>) = (10986 – 0.405) RC = 0.693 RC </strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Substituting R = (R<sub>A</sub> + R<sub>B</sub>) in above equation we have</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong> T</strong><sub><strong>HIGH </strong></sub><strong>= t</strong><sub><strong>c </strong></sub><strong>= 0.693 (R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong> + R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>) C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">where R<sub>A</sub> and R<sub>B</sub> are in ohms and C is in farads.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The time during which the capacitor discharges from +2/3 V<sub>CC</sub> to +1/3 V<sub>CC </sub>is equal to</div><div style="text-align: justify;">the time the output is low and is given as</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>t</strong><sub><strong>d</strong></sub><strong> or T</strong><sub><strong>L0W</strong></sub><strong> = 0.693 R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong> C</strong> where R<sub>B</sub> is in ohms and C is in farads The above equation is worked out as follows: Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during discharging period is given as</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>v</strong><sub><strong>c</strong></sub><strong> = 2/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC </strong></sub><strong>e</strong><sup><strong>-</strong></sup><strong> t</strong><sub><strong>d/</strong></sub><strong> R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Substituting v<sub>c</sub> = 1/3 V<sub>CC</sub> and t = t<sub>d</sub> in above equation we have</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>+1/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC </strong></sub><strong>= +2/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC </strong></sub><strong>e</strong><sup><strong>-</strong></sup><strong> t</strong><sub><strong>d/</strong></sub><strong> R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Or <strong>t</strong><sub><strong>d</strong></sub><strong> = 0.693 R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Overall period of oscillations, <strong>T = T</strong><sub><strong>HIGH</strong></sub><strong> + T</strong><sub><strong>LOW</strong></sub><strong> = 0.693 (R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>+ 2R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>) C </strong>, The frequency of oscillations being the reciprocal of the overall period of oscillations T is given as</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong> f = 1/T = 1.44/ (R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>+ 2R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>)C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Equation indicates that the frequency of oscillation / is independent of the collector supply voltage +V<sub>CC</sub>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Often the term duty cycle is used in conjunction with the astable multivibrator.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>The duty cycle, the ratio of the time t</strong></em><sub><em><strong>c</strong></em></sub><em><strong> during which the output is high to the total time period T is given as</strong></em></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>% duty cycle, D = t</strong><sub><strong>c </strong></sub><strong>/ T * 100 = (R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong> + R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>) / (R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong> + 2R</strong><sub><strong>B</strong></sub><strong>) * 100</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">From the above equation it is obvious that square wave (50 % duty cycle) output can not be obtained unless R<sub>A</sub> is made zero. However, there is a danger in shorting resistance R<sub>A</sub> to zero. With R<sub>A</sub> = 0 ohm, terminal 7 is directly connected to + V<sub>CC</sub>. During the discharging of capacitor through R<sub>B</sub> and transistor, an extra current will be supplied to the transistor from V<sub>CC</sub> through a short between pin 7 and +V<sub>CC</sub>. It may damage the transistor and hence the timer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">However, a symmetrical square wave can be obtained if a diode is connected across resistor R<sub>B</sub>, as illustrated in dotted lines in figure. The capacitor C charges through R<sub>A</sub> and diode D to approximately + 2/3V<sub>CC</sub> and discharges through resistor R<sub>B</sub> and terminal 7 (transistor) until the capacitor voltage drops to 1/3 V<sub>CC</sub>. Then the cycle is repeated. To obtain a square wave output, R<sub>A</sub> must be a combination of a fixed resistor R and a pot, so that the pot can be adjusted to give the exact square wave.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although the timer <strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-introduction">555</a></strong> has been used in a wide variety of often unique applications it is very hard on its power supply lines, requiring quite a bit of current, and injecting many noise transients. This noise will often be coupled into adjacent ICs falsely triggering them. The 7555 is a CMOS version of the 555. Its quiescent current requirements are considerably lower than that of 555, and the 7555 does not contaminate the power supply lines. It is pin compatible with the 555. So this CMOS version of the 555 should be the first choice when a 555 timer IC is to be used.</div></div><br />
Read more: <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator#ixzz0pmSn5C7H" style="color: #003399;">http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator#ixzz0pmSn5C7H</a> <br />
Under Creative Commons License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" style="color: #003399;">Attribution</a>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-66877152859752011262010-06-03T02:27:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:27:39.496-07:00Timer IC 555 SEBAGAI Monostable Multivibrator<h2><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-monostable-multivibrator" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to 555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator">555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator</a></h2><div class="postmetatop"><div class="auth"> <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/author/jojo/" title="Posts by jojo">jojo</a></div><div class="date"> September - 9 - 2009</div></div><div class="entry"> <div class="alignright"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitstoday.com%2F555-timer-as-monostable-multivibrator&t=555%20Timer%20as%20Monostable%20Multivibrator&src=sp" name="fb_share" style="text-decoration: none;" type="box_count"><span class="fb_share_size_Small fb_share_count_wrapper"><span></span><span class="fb_share_count_nub_top fb_share_no_count"></span><span class="fb_share_count fb_share_no_count fb_share_count_top"><span class="fb_share_count_inner"> </span></span><span class="FBConnectButton FBConnectButton_Small" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="FBConnectButton_Text">Share</span></span></span></a><script src="http://static.ak.fbcdn.net/connect.php/js/FB.Share" type="text/javascript">
</script></div><div class="tweetmeme_button" style="float: right; margin: 10px;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="61" scrolling="no" src="http://api.tweetmeme.com/button.js?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitstoday.com%2F555-timer-as-monostable-multivibrator&source=circuitstoday&style=normal" width="50"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>A monostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot multivibrator,</em></strong> is a pulse generator circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C network,connected externally to the<strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-introduction"> 555 timer</a></strong>. In such a vibrator, one state of output is stable while the other is quasi-stable (unstable). For auto-triggering of output from quasi-stable state to stable state energy is stored by an externally connected capacitor C to a reference level. The time taken in storage determines the pulse width. The transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state is accomplished by external triggering. The <strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-block-diagram">schematic of a 555 timer</a></strong> in monostable mode of operation is shown in figure.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_1841" style="width: 310px;"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/555-monostable-multivibrator.jpg"><img alt="555-timer-monostable-multivibrator" class="size-medium wp-image-1841" height="261" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/555-monostable-multivibrator-300x261.jpg" title="555-monostable-multivibrator" width="300" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text">555-timer-monostable-multivibrator</div></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Monostable Multivibrator Circuit details</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Pin 1 is<strong> </strong>grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In quiescent condition of output this input is kept at<strong> </strong>+ V<sub>CC</sub>. To obtain transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state, a negative-going pulse of narrow<strong> </strong>width (a width smaller than expected pulse width of output waveform) and amplitude of greater than + 2/3 V<sub>CC</sub> is applied to pin 2. Output is taken from pin 3. Pin 4 is usually connected to + V<sub>CC</sub> to avoid accidental reset. Pin 5 is grounded through a 0.01 u F capacitor to avoid noise problem. Pin 6 (threshold) is shorted to pin 7. A resistor R<sub>A</sub> is connected between pins 6 and 8. At pins 7 a discharge capacitor is connected while pin 8 is connected to supply V<sub>CC</sub>.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>555 IC Monostable Multivibrator Operation. </strong></h2><strong> </strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_1842" style="width: 310px;"><strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/monostable-multivibrator-operation.jpg"><img alt="555 monostable-multivibrator-operation" class="size-medium wp-image-1842" height="197" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/monostable-multivibrator-operation-300x197.jpg" title="monostable-multivibrator-operation" width="300" /></a></strong><div class="wp-caption-text"><strong>555 monostable-multivibrator-operation</strong></div></div><strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">For explaining the operation of timer 555 as a monostable <strong><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-an-astable-multi-vibrator">multivibrator</a></strong>, necessary internal circuitry with external connections are shown in figure.</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The operation of the circuit is explained below:</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the circuit is in a stable state, the transistor is on and capacitor- C is shorted to ground. When a negative pulse is applied to pin 2, the trigger input falls below +1/3 V<sub>CC</sub>, the output of comparator goes high which resets the flip-flop and consequently the transistor turns off and the output at pin 3 goes high. This is the transition of the output from stable to quasi-stable state, as shown in figure. As the discharge transistor is cutoff, the capacitor C begins charging toward +V<sub>CC</sub> through resistance R<sub>A</sub> with a time constant equal to R<sub>A</sub>C. When the increasing capacitor voltage becomes slightly greater than +2/3 V<sub>CC</sub>, the output of comparator 1 goes high, which sets the flip-flop. The transistor goes to saturation, thereby discharging the capacitor C and the output of the timer goes low, as illustrated in figure.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Thus the output returns back to stable state from quasi-stable state.</em></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The output of the Monostable Multivibrator remains low until a trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. Trigger input, output voltage and capacitor voltage waveforms are shown in figure.</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Monostable Multivibrator Design Using 555 timer IC</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The capacitor C has to charge through resistance R<sub>A</sub>. The larger the time constant R<sub>A</sub>C, the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3V<sub>CC</sub>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse. The time during which the timer output remains high is given as</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>t</strong><sub><strong>p</strong></sub><strong> = 1.0986 R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>C</strong><br />
where R<sub>A</sub> is in ohms and C is in farads. The above relation is derived as below. Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during charging period is given as</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>v</strong><sub><strong>c </strong></sub><strong>= V</strong><sub><strong>CC </strong></sub><strong>(1- e</strong><sup><strong>-t/R</strong></sup><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>C)</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Substituting <strong>v</strong><sub><strong>c</strong></sub><strong> = 2/3 V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub> in above equation we get the time taken by the capacitor to charge from 0 to +2/3V<sub>CC</sub>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">So <strong>+2/3V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong>. = V</strong><sub><strong>CC</strong></sub><strong>. (1 – e</strong><sup><strong>-</strong></sup><sup><strong>t/RAC</strong></sup><strong>) or t – R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>C log</strong><sub><strong>e</strong></sub><strong> 3 = 1.0986 R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So pulse width,<strong> t</strong><sub><strong>P</strong></sub><strong> = 1.0986 R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>C s 1.1 R</strong><sub><strong>A</strong></sub><strong>C</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds. This circuit is widely used in industry for many different timing applications.</div></div><div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
Read more: <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-monostable-multivibrator#ixzz0pmSQPTCK" style="color: #003399;">http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-monostable-multivibrator#ixzz0pmSQPTCK</a> <br />
Under Creative Commons License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" style="color: #003399;">Attribution</a></div>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-76101919232908423132010-06-03T02:25:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:25:29.735-07:00TIMER 10 MENIT<div align="justify">When ever you need to get an alarm or intimation after ten minutes ,the circuit shown below can be used.The circuit is nothing but a monostable multivibrator based on IC NE 555.When ever you press the reset push button the green LED D1 glows after 10 minutes.</div><strong>Circuit diagram with Parts list.</strong><br />
<a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/10-minute_-timer-circuit.JPG" title="10-minute_-timer-circuit.JPG"><img alt="10-minute_-timer-circuit.JPG" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/10-minute_-timer-circuit.JPG" /></a><br />
<strong><br />
</strong><br />
<div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
Read more: <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/category/timer-circuits#ixzz0pmRlqQ7A" style="color: #003399;">http://www.circuitstoday.com/category/timer-circuits#ixzz0pmRlqQ7A</a> <br />
Under Creative Commons License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" style="color: #003399;">Attribution</a></div><div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><strong>Notes.</strong><br />
<ul><li>Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.</li>
<li>The time duration can be set by varying the POT R5.</li>
<li>The switch S1 can be a push button switch.</li>
<li>The IC1 must be mounted on an IC base</li>
</ul><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" style="color: #003399;"><br />
</a></div>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-59978353195969180822010-06-03T02:22:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:22:41.885-07:00TIMER PILIH<h2><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/selective-timer-alarm" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Selective timer alarm.">Selective timer alarm.</a></h2><div class="postmetatop"><div class="auth"> <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/author/john/" title="Posts by john">john</a></div><div class="date"> March - 4 - 2009</div></div><div class="entry"> <div class="alignright"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitstoday.com%2Fselective-timer-alarm&t=Selective%20timer%20alarm.&src=sp" name="fb_share" style="text-decoration: none;" type="box_count"><span class="fb_share_size_Small fb_share_count_wrapper"><span></span><span class="fb_share_count_nub_top fb_share_no_count"></span><span class="fb_share_count fb_share_no_count fb_share_count_top"><span class="fb_share_count_inner"> </span></span><span class="FBConnectButton FBConnectButton_Small" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="FBConnectButton_Text">Share</span></span></span></a><script src="http://static.ak.fbcdn.net/connect.php/js/FB.Share" type="text/javascript">
</script></div><div class="tweetmeme_button" style="float: right; margin: 10px;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="61" scrolling="no" src="http://api.tweetmeme.com/button.js?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuitstoday.com%2Fselective-timer-alarm&source=circuitstoday&style=normal" width="50"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Description.</strong><br />
A timer circuit using IC 4060 is given here. The IC 4060 is a 14 stage binary counter with a built-in oscillator.R2, R7, C1 are the components that determine the frequency of the oscillator and the outputs will become high one after other and only one at a time. The last five outputs are only used here. The high pulses from the outputs are used to trigger the NE555 IC. Here NE555 is wired as a monostable multivibrator. The buzzer will produce the alarm when the output of IC2 goes high. The duration of the alarm depends on the components C3 and R5.The duration can be adjusted by varying the value of C3.The alarm will automatically turn OFF after the predetermined time. The trigger pin of IC2 will be normally positive. When the Q1 is forward biased by the positive pulse at its base from IC1, the capacitor C2 becomes charged and reduces the voltage at trigger pin of IC2.This triggers the IC.When the capacitor is fully charged the pin 2 becomes again positive.<br />
The maximum duration from timer IC 4060 will be at pin 3. The times decrease by half in the pins 2, 3, 15, and 13 respectively. The timer duration can be varied by varying the capacitor C1.</div><strong>Circuit diagram with Parts list.</strong><br />
<img alt="selective-timer-alarm-circuit" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-624" height="400" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/selective-timer-alarm-circuit.jpg" title="selective-timer-alarm-circuit" width="610" /><br />
<strong>Notes.</strong><br />
<ul><li>Use 6V DC for powering the circuit.</li>
<li> Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB.</li>
<li> Mount the ICs on holders.</li>
<li> The switch S2 can be a single pole five throw rotary switch.</li>
<li> The switch S1 can be a push button switch.</li>
<li> S1 is used to reset the timer.</li>
<li> S2 is used to select the alarm time.</li>
<li> R7 can be used for the fine adjustment of alarm time.</li>
</ul></div><div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
Read more: <a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/selective-timer-alarm#ixzz0pmRJ2lQF" style="color: #003399;">http://www.circuitstoday.com/selective-timer-alarm#ixzz0pmRJ2lQF</a> <br />
Under Creative Commons License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" style="color: #003399;">Attribution</a></div>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-12240379501778182292010-06-03T02:21:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:21:35.219-07:00<h1>Timer Circuits With 4060B</h1><h2>Build a reliable timer to switch devices on and off - from 30 seconds to 24 hours</h2><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/electronics.htm">electronics</a> | <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/electric-circuit.htm">electric circuit</a></span><br />
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There are many applications for which a <b>timer</b> is very useful to turn a device on or off automatically after a preset interval - for example, switching off an <b>irrigation</b> system after 30 minutes of use, turning off a <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Solar-Battery-Charging.htm">battery charger</a> to prevent overcharging, etc.<br />
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Timing short intervals of milliseconds to minutes can easily be achieved using a <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/searcher.php?search=ne555"><b>NE555 timer</b></a> chip. Unfortunately, this device is not suitable for timing longer intervals, and so a suitable alternative is required.<br />
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<h2>Binary Counting with the 4060B</h2><br />
<div align="center"> <img alt="4060B CMOS IC" height="57" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/4060B.jpg" width="79" /> </div><br />
The <b>4060B</b> (pictured above) is a CMOS <b>binary counter</b>. Using a <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Resistor-Colour-Codes.htm">resistor</a> and a <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Smoothing-Capacitors.htm">capacitor</a>, the counting speed can be set by the user very easily. The pins of the 4060B integrated circuit output the running count in binary as shown below:<br />
<br />
<div align="center"><span style="font-family: courier;"> 0 = 0000000000<br />
1 = 0000000001<br />
2 = 0000000010<br />
3 = 0000000011<br />
4 = 0000000100<br />
5 = 0000000101<br />
6 = 0000000110<br />
7 = 0000000111<br />
8 = 0000001000<br />
</span></div><br />
Each of the <b>binary</b> 1's and 0's is called a <i>bit</i> (much as the numbers 0,1,2...8,9 are called <i>digits</i> in the decimal number system). The furthest right bit represents 1, the next to the left represents 2, the next represents 4, the next 8, the next 16 and so on doubling every time you move one position to the left. Therefore 000010000 is binary for 16, and 000100000 is binary for 32.<br />
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To keep things simple, let's assume the count is increased by one every second. The rightmost <i>bit</i> (the 1's bit) will be off for one second, on for one second, off for one second and so on...<br />
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<div align="center"><span style="font-family: courier;">000000000<b>1</b>, 000000001<b>0</b>, 000000001<b>1</b></span></div><br />
The fifth <i>bit</i> from the right (the 16's bit) is therefore off for 16 seconds (when the count is 0-15), then on for 16 seconds (when the count is 16-31), then off for 16 seconds (when the count is 32-47), and so on.<br />
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With this knowledge, we can make a very accurate <b>timer</b> utilising our 4060B <b>binary counter</b> chip. Let's say we want a 16 second timer: we start the 4060B counter from 0, and wait until the 16's <i>bit</i> goes from 0 to 1. At that exact time we know that 16 seconds have elapsed. Similarly if we start the counter again, and wait until the 32's <i>bit</i> goes from 0 to 1, we know that 32 seconds have elapsed.<br />
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A timer which can only time, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and so on seconds would not be very useful, but since we can adjust the speed of the count, <b>any time interval</b> from seconds to 24+ hours can be accurately timed.<br />
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<h2>4060B Timer</h2>A schematic of the <b>4060B</b> chip is provided below:<br />
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<div align="center"> <img alt="schematic of the 4060B integrated circuit" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/4060B-schematic.gif" /> </div><br />
The pins labelled in red <span style="color: red;">Q4-Q14</span> are the binary outputs: Q4 for the 16's, Q5 for the 32's, Q6 for the 64's and so on up to Q13 for the 8192's, and Q14 for the 16384's.<br />
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Just three external components are required to control the 4060B counter - two resistors and one capactor. The frequency of the internal oscillator (i.e. the speed of the count) is set according to the equation given at the bottom of the schematic below:<br />
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<div align="center"> <img alt="The external components required to set the counting speed of the 4060B" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/setting-4060B-count-speed.gif" /> </div><br />
Since Q14 represents the 16,384's and Q4 represents the 16's - we know it will take 1,024 times longer (16,384 / 16) for Q14 to flip from 0 to 1 than it takes Q4. So, for an example 2-hour timer (=7,200 seconds), we just need to fine-tune the circuit so that Q4 turns on after 7,200 / 1,024 seconds = 7.03 seconds, knowing that if that is done correctly, after exactly 2 hours Q14 will flip from 0 to 1.<br />
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<h2>Putting Together the Timer Circuit</h2><div align="center"> <img alt="24 hour timer circuit with the 4060B CMOS IC" height="435" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/24-hour-timer-circuit.jpg" width="597" /> </div><br />
The circuit shown above (from <a href="http://uk.geocities.com/ronj_1217/c4060s.html" target="blank">Ron J's Circuit Page</a>) is a timer which energises a <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Relays-and-Renewable-Energy.htm"><b>relay</b></a> after a preset time has elapsed. It can be set to time an interval from <b>30 seconds to 24 hours</b>.<br />
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The orange arrow labelled <i>Range</i> should be connected to a pin on the 4060B chip selected from the <i>RANGE table</i>. If for example, you require a timer to time 3 hours, connect it to pin number 1 on the chip since that pin corresponds to the time range 2hrs to 4hrs. <br />
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3 hours is 10,800 seconds, and we are using the output from pin 1 to trigger the relay. Looking at the <i>SETUP table</i> entry for pin 1 we see that we divide our target time (10,800 seconds) by 256 to obtain the on/off time for the yellow LED at pin 7 = 42.28 seconds. Therefore, if we adjust the <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/buy-VARIABLE-RESISTORS.htm"><b>potentiometer</b></a> <i>R4</i> so that the yellow LED turns on after approximately 42 seconds, we'll know that the relay will be energised after approximately 3 hours.<br />
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<div align="center"> <img alt="Timer Circuit" height="208" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/12-volt-timer-circuit.jpg" width="300" /> </div><br />
The <b>diode</b> <i>D1</i> makes this a <b>one-shot timer</b>. This means that after the programmed time delay of 3 hours, the relay will stay on until the circuit is reset. If the diode is omitted from the circuit then you get a <b>repeating timer</b> with the relay off for 3 hours, on for 3 hours, off for 3 hours, and so on until the circuit it reset.<br />
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<span class="newt">NEW</span> For a <i>repeat timer</i> with different ON/OFF durations - for example, 1 hour OFF, 1 minute ON, 1 hour OFF, 1 minute ON etc - click here to read our new article <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Repeat-Timer-Circuit.htm"><b>Repeat Timer Circuit</b></a>.<br />
<br />
<h2>Buy a Timer Circuit</h2>This is one of the most complicated circuits discussed on the REUK.co.uk website. Therefore, if you need a <b>timer circuit</b> for a particular application, email <a href="mailto:neil@reuk.co.uk">neil@reuk.co.uk</a> with details of your exact requirements and we'll happily put together a bespoke solution.<br />
<span class="newt">NEW</span> Have a look at the new <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/buy-REUK-SUPER-TIMER.htm"><b>REUK Super Timer</b></a> - our all new repeating relay timer circuit which can be programmed with ON and OFF durations from 1 second to 99 hours.<br />
<br />
<div align="center"><form action="basket.php" method="GET" name="frmAdd"><h1>REUK SUPER TIMER</h1><span style="font-size: 11pt;">User programmable 12V powered 10A rated repeating relay timer. 1 second to 99 hours ON and OFF times</span><br />
<br />
Buy <input maxlength="2" name="REUK-SUPER-TIMER" size="2" style="text-align: right;" type="text" value="1" /> of <b>REUK SUPER TIMER</b>.<br />
<span style="color: #555555;">(1-5: <b>£19.99</b> each, 5+: <b>£18.99</b> each)</span><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Add to Basket" /></form><img alt="REUK SUPER TIMER. User programmable 12V powered 10A rated repeating relay timer. 1 second to 99 hours ON and OFF times" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/shopImages/reuk-super-timer.jpg" /></div><br />
<h2>Additional Information</h2>Every day we receive requests for 12VDC powered <b>repeating timers</b> with various ON and OFF durations designed to control a huge array of different items including irrigation systems, aquarium pumps, battery chargers, testing systems, heating and cooling systems, feeders, and much more. The new <b><i>REUK Super Timer</i></b> has been designed to meet these and other requirements while enabling the user to set their own ON and OFF durations for maximum flexibility. The REUK Super Timer is <b>hand made</b> and rigorously <b>tested</b> before despatch.<br />
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The REUK Super Timer can be programmed with ON and OFF durations of <b>1-99 seconds, 1-99 minutes, or 1-99 hours</b>. The ON and OFF durations do not have to have the same units or the same values - e.g. it is possible to have a timer which is on for say 3 seconds and then off for 7 hours etc.<br />
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Therefore, for most repeat relay timer applications the REUK Super Timer will be suitable - however, if you require a timer which can be programmed with an ON duration of say <u>exactly</u> two and a half minutes, this is not the product for you (since you could set the ON time to be 2 minutes or 3 minutes, but not 2 1/2 minutes). <br />
<i>If the REUK Super Timer is not suitable for your needs, please contact <a href="mailto:neil@reuk.co.uk">neil@reuk.co.uk</a> with details of your exact requirements and we can put together a special order for you for around the same price.</i><br />
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<div align="center"> <img alt="Connection diagram for the REUK Super Timer" height="291" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/reuk-super-timer-connection-diagram.jpg" width="553" /> </div><br />
<h2>Powering the Timer</h2>The REUK Super Timer is designed to be powered by 12VDC from either a battery (<a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/12-Volt-Deep-Cycle-Batteries-for-Solar.htm">solar charged</a> or otherwise) or a <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Buy-a-12v-Power-Supply-Unit.htm">12VDC mains transformer</a>. It is possible to power the timer safely with an input voltage of <b>10-16VDC</b>. Below 10VDC the relay switch will not close and so the timer will not do anything; above 16VDC the relay and other components on the circuit board could be permanently damaged.<br />
During OFF cycles the timer draws no more than around <b>5mA</b>, and during ON cycles it draws around <b>50mA</b> (= 0.6 Watts @ 12VDC).<br />
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<h2>Switching Devices with the Relay</h2>The relay fitted to this circuit is rated at <b>10 Amps</b> (10A @ <250VAC or 10A @ <30VDC), however we only recommend it be used to switch low voltages of <30VDC or <30VAC. If you intend to switch a higher voltage e.g. mains electricity, then we accept your purchase of this item <u>only</u> on the condition that a <u>qualified</u> electrician makes the necessary connections and checks over the circuit and any enclosure you put it into to confirm that everything is correctly earthed and insulated, and that it meets all current safety regulations.<br />
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Although the rating of the relay is 10 Amps, if you intend to switch an <i>inductive</i> load (anything which generates a magnetic field - e.g. a motor, pump, solenoid, relay etc), the relay should not be used if the device is rated at more than around 4-5 Amps since at start up a surge current in excess of the 10A rating could damage the relay and circuit board.<br />
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<div align="center"> <img alt="REUK Super Timer used to switch a secondary relay" height="178" src="http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/reuk-super-timer-secondary-relay.jpg" width="416" /> </div><br />
If you have a device to switch which requires a larger relay, either contact <a href="mailto:neil@reuk.co.uk">neil@reuk.co.uk</a> and request the MOSFET version of this circuit to which you can connect a suitably rated <a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Automotive-Relays.htm">automotive relay</a>, or simply use the on board relay to switch a suitably rated secondary relay (as illustrated above).<br />
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<h2>Programming the Timer</h2>For the first 10 seconds after the circuit is connected to the power the yellow LED will be lit. During this time it is possible to re-programme the ON and OFF durations of the relay. Press the button once and the yellow LED will turn off. This confirms that you have entered programming mode.<br />
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For the ON and OFF durations you must enter first the timing units (hours, minutes, or seconds), and the two digit number of those units - e.g. 03 or 47 (from the range 01 to 99).<br />
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Programming entails entering six numbers in the following order:<br />
1) <b>ON duration time units</b>: 0 = hours, 1 = minutes, 2 = seconds<br />
2) <b>ON tens</b>: e.g for a <b>4</b>3 second ON time, this value would be <b>4</b> (since 4 x 10 = 40). For a 1-9 second duration this value is 0 - e.g. 01, 02, 03,...09<br />
3) <b>ON ones</b>: e.g. for a 4<b>3</b> second ON time, this value would be <b>3</b><br />
4) <b>OFF duration time units</b>: -as above-<br />
5) <b>OFF tens</b>: -as above-<br />
6) <b>OFF ones</b>: -as above-<br />
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To enter each value in turn, the technique is described below:<br />
The red LED will light up for 2 seconds. If you want to enter a '0' then press the button while the red LED is on. When the red LED turns off, the green LED will start flashing - on for 1.5 seconds, then off for 0.5 seconds. If you want to enter a '1' then press the button while the green LED is lit for the first time. To enter a '2', wait until the green LED turns on for the second time and press the button. To enter a '3' press the button the third time the green LED lights up...and so on.<br />
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When you press the button the green LED (or red LED if you are entering a '0') will immediately turn off, and the yellow LED will light up and stay on for one second. This gives you visual confirmation that your input has been accepted and tells you to get ready to enter the next value. When the yellow LED turns off and the red LED lights up again repeat as above to enter the next value.<br />
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If you make a mistake while programming, just disconnect the circuit briefly from the power and start again. It is <b>much</b> easier to programme the timer if you <b>prepare</b> yourself beforehand by working out and <b>writing down</b> the six values in order so that you are ready to enter them.<br />
For example, if you want a timer which will be ON for 7 seconds and then OFF for 23 minutes, the ON timer units are seconds ('2'), and the OFF timer units are minutes ('1'). Therefore you would need to enter the following sequence of values:<br />
'2' (seconds - second green LED), '0' (no tens- red LED), '7' (7 ones - seventh green LED), '1' (minutes - first green LED), '2' (2 tens - second green LED), '3' (3 ones - third green LED). So, you would write down<br />
<div align="center"><b>2 red 7 1 2 3</b></div>before you programme the timer - note that 'red' is written rather than '0' so you remember to press the button when the red LED is on.<br />
<i>If you enter a number greater than 9 for the tens or ones, '9' will be saved. If you enter a number greater than 2 for the time units, '2' will be saved - i.e. your timer will be programmed in seconds</i>.<br />
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When you have programmed all six values, the timer will immediately start with the ON cycle closing the relay with the green LED on. When the OFF cycle starts, the green LED will be off. As long as the timer remains connected to the power, it will continue to repeat the ON and OFF cycles with the programmed settings.<br />
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The programmed ON and OFF durations are stored in non volatile memory, and so will be retained even when you disconnect the circuit from the power. Therefore, you only need to go through the programming steps if you want to change the ON and/or OFF duration for some reason.<br />
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<h2>Timer Accuracy </h2>The accuracy of the timer is better than around 1%, i.e. over the course of an hour the timer <i>may</i> gain or lose 30 or so seconds (usually far less). Therefore the timer is not suitable for use where <u>exact</u> timings are required - e.g. if you want something to be turned on at exactly the same time every day (since the times will drift over days and weeks). <br />
<br />
<h2>Related REUK.co.uk Articles</h2><a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Repeat-Timer-Circuit.htm">Make a repeat timer circuit with large intervals between ON times </a><br />
<a href="http://www.reuk.co.uk/Timer-Circuits-With-4060B.htm">Build a reliable timer to switch devices on and off - from 30 seconds to 24 hours </a>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-79691440530245276352010-06-03T02:18:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:18:48.305-07:00TIMER IC 555To drive ignition coils is to use a 555 timer pulse generator. A 555 generates a square wave output that triggers the 2N3055. Adjusting the two potentiometers and the value of the capacitor will change the frequency of the output.<br />
<a href="http://www.eleccircuit.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/555-timer-pulse-generator.gif" title="555 timer pulse generator"><img alt="555 timer pulse generator" src="http://www.eleccircuit.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/555-timer-pulse-generator.thumbnail.gif" /></a><br />
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http://www.geocities.com/mistertippy/schematics/ignition.htmlsabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-41065381151146743182010-06-03T02:17:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:17:40.786-07:00<ins style="border: medium none; display: inline-table; height: 15px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><ins style="border: medium none; display: block; height: 15px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><iframe allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="15" hspace="0" id="google_ads_frame1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_frame" scrolling="no" src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-2775379790364945&output=html&h=15&slotname=5010629784&w=728&lmt=1275556565&flash=10.0.42&url=http%3A%2F%2Fskemarangkaian.com%2Fquad-2-input-cmos-ic-4011-timer-circuit%2F&dt=1275556566365&shv=r20100526&correlator=1275556566367&frm=0&adk=2656778758&ga_vid=315648595.1275556566&ga_sid=1275556566&ga_hid=1168787347&ga_fc=0&u_tz=420&u_his=5&u_java=0&u_h=768&u_w=1024&u_ah=738&u_aw=1024&u_cd=32&u_nplug=6&u_nmime=21&biw=1024&bih=575&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Fimglanding%3Fq%3DTIMER%26imgurl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fskemarangkaian.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2FQuad-2-Input-CMOS-IC-4011-Timer-Circuit.JPG%26imgrefurl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fskemarangkaian.com%2Fquad-2-input-cmos-ic-4011-timer-circuit%2F%26usg%3D__zGScY0_YrjaKuTwmpus41niDQaQ%3D%26h%3D449%26w%3D532%26sz%3D37%26hl%3Did%26um%3D1%26itbs%3D1%26tbnid%3DWNWMvn35k1I7wM%3A%26tbnh%3D111%26tbnw%3D132%26prev%3D%2Fimages%253Fq%253DTIMER%2526um%253D1%2526hl%253Did%2526sa%253DN%2526tbs%253Disch%3A1%26um%3D1%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch%3A1%26start%3D12&fu=0&ifi=1&dtd=21&xpc=q2sVlPq9ux&p=http%3A//skemarangkaian.com" style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="728"></iframe></ins></ins> <br />
<h1>Quad 2 Input CMOS IC 4011 Timer Circuit</h1><br />
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Quad 2 Input CMOS IC 4011 Timer Circuit</div>Timer circuit can be used to switch OFF a particular device after around 35 minutes. The circuit can be used to switch OFF devices like radio, TV, fan, pump etc after a preset time of 35 minutes. Such a circuit can surely save a lot of power.<br />
The circuit is based on quad 2 input CMOS IC 4011 (U1).The resistor R1 and capacitor C1 produces the required long time delay. When pushbutton switch S2 is pressed, capacitor C1 discharges and input of the four NAND gates are pulled to zero. The four shorted outputs of U1 go high and activate the transistor Q1 to drive the relay. The appliance connected via the relay is switched ON. When S2 is released the C1 starts charging and when the voltage at its positive pin becomes equal to ½ the supply voltage the outputs of U1 becomes zero and the transistor is switched OFF. This makes the relay deactivated and the appliance connected via the relay is turned OFF. The timer can be made to stop when required by pressing switch S1.sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-28790073812728770162010-06-03T02:15:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:15:02.798-07:00<div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">one circuit for six different timers</span></div><h1 align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Timers Collection</span></h1><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">easy, useful,versatile</span></div><div align="center"> <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#Schema%20elettrico">Base schematic diagram</a> | <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#Montaggio">Printed circuit board</a> | <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#tavola">Truth tables</a> ot the <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#monostabile">monostable</a>, <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#ciclico">cyclic</a>, <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#giornaliero">daily</a>, <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#ritardata">delayed on</a>, <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#allungatore">pulse-widening</a>, <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/index_en.htm#rivelatore">missing pulse detector</a><br />
<br />
</div>Timers are fundamental building blocks, and as such timers are found in practically every electronic circuit. There are many kinds of timers, available off-the-shelf from resellers of electrical and electronics goods, because circuits circuits involving timers have thousands of practical applications. In this article we will explain how to build <strong><em>six </em></strong>different timers from the same base circuit.<br />
Nutchips are ideally suited for building timers. Not only the timers differ only for the truth table programmed inside the Nutchip, there is also room for ingenuity, and you master the basics you can customize the timer adding your custom logic to the truth tables shown here.<br />
<h3><a href="" name="Schema elettrico"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Base circuit</span></a> </h3><table align="center" border="1" bordercolor="#c0c0c0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top"> <div align="center"><img height="356" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_sch.gif" width="682" /></div><div align="center"><em>Schematic diagram of the timer circuit. The timer starts pressing the pushbutton labelled SW1.</em> </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
The schematic diagram is quite straightforward. SW1 is a pushbutton used for starting the timer. The oputputs are set logic level 0 when the timer is not triggered, and to logic level 1 when the timer triggers. The relay driver transistor TR1, which receives its base current from Nutchip output OUT1 via the resistor R1, supplies enough current to energize the relay. The diode D1, connected in parallel with relay's coil, safeguards the transistor against the high voltage that builds up on the coil when it is energized or released. The relay is a 5V coil type, .and it must be choosen accordingly to the load you want to drive (e.g. AC or DC load). Ask your electrician for a suitable model, and always keep an generous safety margin (usually 50% or more) in excess the maximum specs declared by the manufacturer. For example, it is safer not to surpass 500W for a relay specified for continuous 1000W load maximum by the manufacturer. <br />
As an example, for a 12Vac halogen lamp requiring a current of 3 amperes, use a 24Vac/ 6 ampere relay with a coil rated for 5Vdc. <br />
The schematic shows a ceramic resonator connected to Nutchip pins 4 and 5. This kind of clock source ensures a timing accuracy usually better than 1%, which is suitable for most uses. If you are looking for an even more accurate timer (e.g. for daily or weekly timers), a better choice is the quartz clock oscillator as shown in the <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/connect/connect_en.htm">base circuit collection</a>. The same page shows alternate reset circuits that can be used when maximum reliability is required (this circuit uses a simplified RESET, the pin connects to the positive rail through an RC network made from R2 and C2). <br />
<table align="center" border="1" bordercolor="#c0c0c0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top"> <div align="center"><img height="174" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_pwr_sch.gif" width="483" /></div><div align="center"><em>The 9Vdc power supply comes from a cube type trnsformer <br />
(ensure the positive lead connects to Vin). <br />
This circuit regulates the power to 5V required by the timer circuit.</em></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h3><a href="" name="Montaggio"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Printed circuit board</span></a></h3>The circuit is simple and can be assembled in just an hour if you have a printed circuit board (PCB). Alternatively you can use a prototype board, in that case it requires more time and patience to be completed.<br />
The PCB layout shown in the figure includes also the parts for the power supply regulator (C3, C4, R3, LED1, IC2, CN3).<br />
Alwai start from smaller parts, leaving the bigger parts for later in order to have more space to work. Do not solder the Nutchip to the PCB, use a socket instead. Be very careful when placing the relay, ensure that the tracks for the relay switch have enough insulation (if necessary remove excess copper with a Dremel tool or a wire cutter). Unintentional short circuits between the tracks from CN2 and the rest of the circuit can result in dangerous or lethal power discharges, besides destroying completely the circuit itself. <br />
Connector CN1 is required only if you are going to reprogram the Nutchip in-circuit, that is downloading a new truth table without removing it from the circuit, or if you want to use Nutchip Commander, the virtual remote control and debugger software.<br />
<table border="0" bordercolor="#c0c0c0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div align="center"><img height="306" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_pcb.gif" width="488" /> </div><div align="center"><i>Parts layout on the printed circuit board. You can build yours or use a prototype board: in the latter case, follow the gray grid (grid spacing is the same as the holes in a proto board), and solder bare copper wire to make the tracks.</i> </div></td> <td width="1%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"> <div align="center"><strong>Parts list</strong></div><ul><li><span>R1= 4700 ohm resistor</span></li>
<li><span>R2= 100 kohm resistor </span></li>
<li><span>R3=470 ohm resistor</span></li>
<li><span>OSC1=3-pin, 4MHz ceramic resonator (see text)</span></li>
<li><span>TR1= BC237 transistor or equivalent</span></li>
<li><span>D1= 1N4007 or 1N4001 diode </span></li>
<li><span>RELAY1= relay, 5 volt coil (see text)</span></li>
<li><span>C1,C2,C3= 100 nF ceramic capacitors</span></li>
<li><span>C4= 10uF/16V electrolytic capacitor</span></li>
<li><span>SW1 = pushbutton (normally open)</span></li>
<li><span>CN2= 3-pole clamp</span></li>
<li><span>CN3= 2-pole clamp</span></li>
<li><span>IC1=Nutchip NUT01-AK or NUT01-DEA with socket</span></li>
<li><span>IC2=5V power regulator IC type 7805, complete with heathsink</span></li>
</ul><div align="center"><span>you need also: a wall-cube 9Vdc power adapter, a prototype board, Nutchip programming <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/interfacce/interfaccia_en.htm">interface</a> with cable, and a PC running <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/panoramica/panoramica_en.htm"> Nutstation</a>.</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h3> </h3><h3><a href="" name="tavola"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Truth tables</span></a></h3>With just one circuit we can get a full assortment of timers, simply reprogramming Nutchip's truth table. Each of the following timers is designed to fit a specific purpose, with durations that spannig from few seconds to many hours.<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffff99" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><a href="" name="monostabile"></a>Monostable timer</b></span><br />
Pressing the button, this timer starts the relay immediately, and releases it precisely after the time set in the "timeout" row (state st01). Pressing again the button has no effect, as long as the button is pressed inside the timeout interval.</div></td> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ffff" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applications:</span><br />
photographic magnifier, sprayers, fluid injectors, to advance a motor in fixed steps, opening time in automatic gate openers...</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"><img height="82" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_monostabile.gif" width="536" /></div><div align="center"><i>The file "<b>timer_monostabile.nut</b>" is set for 1-minute delay.<br />
You can change it as you, from millisecopnds to 1000 hours!</i></div><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffff99" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><a href="" name="ritardata"></a>Delayed power-on</b></span><br />
The timer starts its delay period pressing the button. The relay is not energized yet. At the time the delay period expires, the relay is energized and stays on until circuit power is removed (alternately youc an connect a second pushbutton to input -ST0 to reset the Nutchip without removing power). </div></td> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ffff" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applications:</span><br />
Delayd start for appliances, cookinng timer (just connect a buzzer to the output), sandglass for quiz games, to start burglar alarms right after we leave home, anti-bump for audio amplifiers (replace SW1 with a wire jumper), parking meters.</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"><img height="114" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_ritardato.gif" width="536" /> </div><div align="center"><i>With an appropriate relay, this timer can start your washing machine 1 hour after you leave home.<br />
This truth table is in the file"<b>timer_ritardato.nut</b>". </i> </div><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffff99" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><a href="" name="allungatore"></a>Pulse-widening timer</b></span><br />
Pressing the button starts the relay immediately. As long as the relay is energized, pressing the button again restarts the timeout period (total time is prolonged). Therefore the timeout is measured from the last time SW1 is released.<br />
</div></td> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ffff" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applications:</span><br />
Corridor and stairs lilght timers, toilet fan, pump timers, automatic water taps, automatic hand blowdryers.</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"><img height="98" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_allungatore.gif" width="536" /></div><div align="center"> <i>This timer is perfect for stair's lights, as the time restarts pressing again the switch.<br />
You can grab the this truth table from"<b>timer_allungatore.nut</b>"</i></div><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffff99" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><a href="" name="rivelatore"></a>Missing pulse detector</b> </span>(watchdog timer)<br />
As long as the circuit is powered, the circuit requires the button to be pressed at least once druing the timeout period. If the time expires without SW1 being pressed, the relay signals the anomaly (power the circuit off to reset).<br />
E.g., if the timeout is specified to be 5 sec, one must press the button at least every 5 seconds or the relay will switch on.<br />
</div></td> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ffff" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applications:</span><br />
Automatic machines to signal when a part is missing (a photocell is triggered by pieces on a conveyor belt), to detect when a mechanism stops (machine movement closes the switch periodically), survellaince systems (the guard is requested to press the button at specified intervals).</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"><img height="98" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_rivelatore.gif" width="536" /></div><div align="center"><i>Should SW1 be open for more than 5 seconds, the relay triggers.<br />
When SW1 is connected to a conveyor of photocell, the relay detects when the system stops moving.<br />
This is the file "<b>timer_rivelatore.nut</b>"</i></div><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffff99" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><a href="" name="ciclico"></a>Cyclic timer</b></span><br />
This is a timer with two timeouts. First timeout influences the time the relay stays ON, the second one the OFF period. <br />
The circuit starts working at power on, and if you disregard SW1 it works as a flasher (ON, OFF, ON, OFF...).<br />
Pressing SW1 forces the output to ON and restarts the ON period. <br />
</div></td> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ffff" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applications:</span><br />
Flashers, neon lights, Christmas decorations, economizers for heaters, refrigerators, pumps. </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"><img height="114" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_ciclico.gif" width="536" /></div><div align="center"><i>To reduce the mean power for an aquarium heater, we can replace the SW1 with a switch. With the switch closed, the heater is ON 100% of the time. With the switch OFF, the heater is ON 50% of the time, bacause it gets powered only each other 5 minutes. You can reduce the time for small basins (should not be used with thermostatic heaters).<br />
File: "<b>timer_ciclico.nut</b>"</i></div><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffff99" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><a href="" name="giornaliero"></a>Daily timer</b> </span><br />
This is a special kind of cyclic timer, where the sum of ON and OFF timeouts amounts to 24 hours (precisely).<br />
Pressing the button triggers the relay, which stays ON as long as the timeout specified in st00 expires. It will trigger back on on the following day, exactly at the same hour. <br />
</div></td> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ffff" valign="top" width="50%"> <div align="center"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applications:</span><br />
Showroom and sign lights, heting systems, watering timer, night lights, decorations. </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"><img height="114" src="http://www.nutchip.com/progetti/timer_giornaliero.gif" width="536" /></div><div align="center"><i>A watering system switching on daily, operating for one hour.</i></div><div align="center"><i>This time (1 hour) is suitable for drop watering system, different systems can require shorter times. It is important that the sum of the ON and OFF times to give exactly 24 hours (here 1 hour ON and 23 hours OFF), to maintain the same starting time from one day to another. You can chain a third state to account for time fractions like spare minutes.<br />
This table is from the file is "<b>timer_giornaliero.nut</b>"</i></div><h3> </h3><h3><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Just a start</span></h3>As you see, building a timer with the Nutchip is very easy. But a timer is just a starting point for other circuits. Let's review a few ideas:<br />
<ul><li>add more pushbuttons to select different durations, or to reset the timer once started<br />
</li>
<li>add a radio or infrared receiver, replacing the button SW1 with a remote control<br />
(<em>tip: with the <a href="http://www.nutchip.com/products/registrazione_en.htm">virtual remote control</a> you can test the circuit from your PC, even if you don't have the receiver or the real remote controller yet</em>)<br />
</li>
<li>use the unused Nutchip outputs to drive LEDs: green = OK, yellow = time is about to expire, red = time is out!</li>
</ul>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-84998990367634971652010-06-03T02:13:00.001-07:002010-06-03T02:13:36.711-07:00TIMER DALAN 3-30 MENIT<h1>5 to 30 Minute Timer</h1><br />
<h2>Description:</h2>A switched timer for intervals of 5 to 30 minutes incremented in 5 minute steps. <br />
<div><a href="http://www.epanorama.net/zen_schematics/Circuits/Timing/5_30timer.gif" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.epanorama.net/zen_schematics/Circuits/Timing/5_30timer.gif" width="96%" /></a></div><u>Circuit Notes</u> <br />
Simple to build, simple to make, nothing too complicated here. However you must use the CMOS type 555 timer designated the 7555, a normal 555 timer will not work here due to the resistor values. Also a low leakage type capacitor must be used for C1, and I would strongly suggest a Tantalum Bead type. Switch 3 adds an extra resistor in series to the timing chain with each rotation, the timing period us defined as :- <br />
<br />
<center><h2>Timing = 1.1 C<sub>1</sub> x R<sub>1</sub></h2></center> Note that R<sub>1</sub> has a value of 8.2M with S3 at position "a" and 49.2M at position "f". This equates to just short of 300 seconds for each position of S3. C<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>1</sub> through R<sub>6</sub> may be changed for different timing periods. The output current from Pin 3 of the timer, is amplified by Q1 and used to drive a relay. <br />
<u>Parts List:</u> <br />
Relay 9 volt coil with c/o contact (1)<br />
S1: On/Off (1)<br />
S2: Start (1)<br />
S3: Range (1)<br />
IC1: 7555 (1)<br />
B1: 9V (1) <br />
C1: 33uF CAP (1)<br />
Q1: BC109C NPN (1)<br />
D1: 1N4004 DIODE (1)<br />
C2: 100n CAP (1)<br />
R6,R5,R4,R3,R2,R1: 8.2M RESISTOR (6)<br />
R8: 100k RESISTOR (1)<br />
R7: 4.7k RESISTOR (1)sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-90451946905682113472010-06-03T02:11:00.000-07:002010-06-03T02:11:02.071-07:00<h1>ASymmetric Timer</h1><br />
<h2>Description:</h2>A timer circuit with independent mark and space periods. <br />
<br />
<div><a href="http://www.epanorama.net/zen_schematics/Circuits/Timing/asym_timer.gif" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.epanorama.net/zen_schematics/Circuits/Timing/asym_timer.gif" /></a></div><u>Circuit Notes</u> <br />
A simple astable timer made with the 555, the mark (on) and space (off) values may be set independently. The timing chain consists of resistors Ra, Rb and capacitor Ct. The capacitor, Ct charges via Ra which is in series with the 1N4148 diode. The discharge path is via Rb into into pin 7 of the IC. Both halves of the timing period can now be set independently. <br />
The charge time (output high) is calculated by:<br />
<center><h1>T(on) = 0.7 Ra Ct</h1></center> The discharge time (output low) is calculated by:<br />
<center><h1>T(off) = 0.7 Rb Ct</h1></center> Please note that the formula for T(on) ignores the series resistance and forward voltage of the 1N4148 and is therefore approximate, but T(off) is not affected by D1 and is therefore precise. <br />
<hr /> Return to <a href="http://www.epanorama.net/zen_schematics/Circuits/Timing/timing.html">Timing Circuits</a><br />
<br />
<div> <i>Content sourced from <a href="http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/schematics.htm">Zen Schematics</a></i> </div>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-11828715478762011272010-05-31T02:36:00.000-07:002010-05-31T02:36:19.132-07:00TERIMA BARANG SECOND ANDAANDA PUNYA BARANG BEKAS TAK HARUS DIKEMANAKAN KAMI BERI SOLUSINYA<br />
KAMI MENERIMA BARANG SCOND ANADA DENAGN HARGA PANTAS HUB SABIQ 08386891240 BISA DIJEMPUTsabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-2784246087060954522010-05-31T02:28:00.000-07:002010-05-31T02:28:04.890-07:00RANGKAIAN TIMER<blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZr1bHX7iq65LetlFD35GgVHCtDDs6y6VItpXPZd7k4Lg3PayHrs5TCUuNI6FBbKZkEVlOF-eJJTGAI-BhP8P19rSmRXXu9Ii-auSQcMBr00MbPYj435_2ntOER0KIwPb6eHM29GNfZAJ_/s1600/timer.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZr1bHX7iq65LetlFD35GgVHCtDDs6y6VItpXPZd7k4Lg3PayHrs5TCUuNI6FBbKZkEVlOF-eJJTGAI-BhP8P19rSmRXXu9Ii-auSQcMBr00MbPYj435_2ntOER0KIwPb6eHM29GNfZAJ_/s400/timer.gif" width="400" /><span style="color: red;"></span></a></div></blockquote>RANGKAIAN TIMER SEDERHANA<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">To use the relay delay formula T = R R1.C1.0.85 where the unit ohm microfarad with C and T with second.If you use a bigger relay you must also use a transistor buffer is greater too.</div><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Component List: Part Total Qty. Description Substitutions C1 1 See Notes R1 1 See Notes D1 1 1N914 Diode U1 1 4011 CMOS NAND Gate IC K1 1 6V Relay S1 1 Normally Open Push Button Switch MISC 1 Board, Wire, Socket For U1 </div>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-7631191008137293522010-05-31T02:25:00.000-07:002010-05-31T02:25:35.565-07:00LAMPU LED BERJALAN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMlJ3qSQvYGKvaO77ihAyJzfMzt4KsMMSfDD5CuunL6JBHImVzGUBEr-tFS3LKyhgKoge8m0IfpYm4c8Hw_e2vtMCn_GNWN7D1i92ZEzeZByC1782mSnj9joW8OGDvVMYPTbCn-3QtfkkT/s1600/led+indicatior+dance.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMlJ3qSQvYGKvaO77ihAyJzfMzt4KsMMSfDD5CuunL6JBHImVzGUBEr-tFS3LKyhgKoge8m0IfpYm4c8Hw_e2vtMCn_GNWN7D1i92ZEzeZByC1782mSnj9joW8OGDvVMYPTbCn-3QtfkkT/s320/led+indicatior+dance.gif" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">SKEMA RANGKAIAN LAMPU LED BERJALAN</div><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #351c75;">Components list:</span></span><br />
<ul><li>R1_____________10K 1/4W Resistor</li>
<li>R2,R3__________47K 1/4W Resistors</li>
<li>R4______________1K 1/4W Resistor</li>
<li>R5,R6,R7______100K 1/4W Resistors</li>
<li>R8____________820R 1/4W Resistor</li>
<li>C1,C3_________100nF 63V Ceramic or Polyester Capacitors</li>
<li>C2_____________10΅F 50V Electrolytic Capacitor</li>
<li>C4____________330nF 63V Polyester Capacitor (See Notes)</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">C5____________100΅F 25V Electrolytic Capacitor</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">D1___________1N4148 75V 150mA Diode</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">D2-D11_________5 or 3mm. LEDs (any type and color)</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">IC1___________LM358 Low Power Dual Op-amp</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">IC2____________4017 Decade counter with 10 decoded outputs IC</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">M1_____________Miniature electret microphone</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">SW1____________SPST miniature Slider Switch</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">B1_______________9V PP3 Battery</li>
<li style="background-color: orange;">Clip for PP3 Battery</li>
<li>Additional circuit parts (see Notes):</li>
<li>R9,R10_________10K 1/4W Resistors</li>
<li>R11____________56R 1/4W Resistor</li>
<li>D12,D13 etc.____5 or 3mm. LEDs (any type and color)</li>
<li>Q1,Q2_________BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors</li>
<li>Q3____________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor </li>
</ul>sabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-80390375471815580562010-05-30T22:34:00.000-07:002010-05-30T22:34:55.586-07:00dikutib dari/www.gemar-elektronika.co.cc<br />
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Lampu Tidur LED<br />
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L<br />
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Lampu Tidur LED<br />
Konstruksi<br />
Photo Proyek<br />
Cara Kerja Rangkaian<br />
<br />
Sewaktu kita tidur, rumah kita tidak perlu menggunakan lampu yang terang benerang. Cukup menggunakan lampu tidur. Gunakanlah lampu tidur paling hemat energi yakni lampu tidur LED. Seorang kawan kami dapat menghemat rekening listrik sampai Rp.50,000,- perbulan; setelah memadamkan lampu dan menggantinya dengan lampu tidur LED selama tidur.<br />
Lampu LED<br />
Si Mungil Yang awet<br />
<br />
Lampu LED mempunyai keunggulan dibandingkan dengan Teknologi lampu lainnya. Konon LED dapat tahan sampai 100.000 jam. Ini artinya kita bila LED kita nyalakan 24 jam sehari ia akan tahan selama 10 tahun. Hebat bukan? Padahal lampu Fluorencent umumnya hanya tahan 1-3 tahun saja.<br />
<br />
Sekarang LED banyak digunakan pada lampu senter (Flash Light). Penggunaan LED pada lampu senter sangat ekonomis dibandingkan dengan lampu senter dengan lampu pijar. LED membuat baterai lampu senter tidak lekas habis alias irit.<br />
<br />
Lampu LED kini mulai populer dan digunakan dimana-mana.<br />
<br />
* Di jalan Raya<br />
o Lampu rem mobil<br />
o Lampu sign mobil<br />
o Lampu lalu lintas <br />
* di tempat umum<br />
o Petunjuk : EXIT, TOILET, OPEN<br />
o Running Text untuk iklan <br />
* dirumah tangga<br />
o Lampu Tidur<br />
o Lampu baca <br />
<br />
Di toko alat-alat listrik dapat anda beli lampu tidur (lampu redup) LED dan lampu baca LED. Lampu LED tersebut mempunyai daya (bilangan Watt) yang kecil. Jadi apabila kita menggunakan Lampu LED untuk lampu tidur ataupun lampu baca, pastilah akan menghemat pemakaian listrik. Sekarang adalah jaman dimana penghematan energi harus kita laksanakan. Dunia berada dalam bahaya pemanasan global karena itu mari kita ikut serta memcegah agar tidak semakin berkelanjutan. Salah satu cara mencegah pemanasan global ialah dengan menghemat listrik. Keuntungan lain menghemat listrik akan mengurangi tagihan rekening listrik.<br />
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Pada waktu kita tidur, lampu diruang tidur dan ruang lainnya kita padamkan. Bila anda tidak nyaman dalam kegelapan ketika tidur anda dapat menggunakan lampu redup yang lebih hemat energi. Pastikanlah menggunakan lampu tidur LED; karena LED mempunyai Watt yang sangat kecil<br />
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Untuk urusan lampu tidur yang paling kecil dayanya, lampu LED lah juaranya. Tetapi jangan salah mengerti. Lampu LED yang berdaya kecil belum tentu lebih efisien. Ada orang yang memasang banyak lampu LED untuk menerangi sebuah kamar. Mereka menyangka dengan cara demikian mereka akan menghemat energi, hal tersebut tidak benar. Mari kita membahas lebih mendalam. Efisiensi lampu dikenal dalam istilah efficacy dengan satuan lumen/watt. Lumen adalah daya dari cahaya tampak. Jadi lumen/watt adalah berapa banyaknya cahaya yang dapat dihasilkan tiap wattnya. Makin besar eficacy suatu lampu makin efisien lampu tersebut. Eficacy untuk tiap jenis lampu dapat dibaca pada tabel dibawah ini :<br />
Efficacy berbagai teknologi lampu. Lampu Efficacy<br />
(Lumen/Watt) Umur pakai<br />
(jam)<br />
Pijar 5W 6 1000-2000<br />
Pijar 40W 12 1000-2000<br />
Pijar 100W 17 1000-2000<br />
LED putih 15 - 19 100,000<br />
Fluorencent 30 - 80 10,000 - 24,000<br />
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Dari tabel jelaslah bahwa apabila kita ingin berhemat energi gunakanlah lampu Fluorencent karena lampu jenis ini mempunyai efficacy yang paling tinggi. Jadi sedapat mungkin gunakanlah lampu Fluorencent. Jika demikian mengapa kita menggunakan lampu tidur LED? Duduk persoalannya adalah demikian : Lampu Florencent 3 watt masih terlalu terang untuk digunakan sebagai lampu tidur, sementara membuat lampu flurencent dibawah 3 Watt sulit dilakukan. Karena itu kita gunakan LED yang mempunyai efficacy yang lebih baik dibanding lampu pijar. ingat kasus flash light diatas.<br />
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Sebuah LED mempunyai daya yang kecil sekali, sekitar 0.03 watt. Bisanya agar dicapai kuat penerangan yang memadai kita merangkai beberapa buah LED membentuk LED cluster. Pengalaman saya 8 buah LED sudah cukup untuk sebuah lampu tidur. Daya yang diperlukan 8x0.03 = 0.24 Watt! Sangat ekonomis bukan. Itulah sebabnya saya menyebutnya si mungil yang awet.<br />
<br />
Selain sebagai lampu tidur, LED juga sangat baik digunakan sebagai lampu baca karena sebuah lampu baca tidak memerlukan lampu dengan bilangan lumen yang tinggi. Hal tersebut disebabkan :<br />
<br />
* Jarak lampu dibuat dekat<br />
* Berkas cahaya dapat dikosentrasikan <br />
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Menurut fisika kuat penerangan (bilangan Lux) akan berbanding terbalik dengan kuadrat jarak. Jadi akan sangat menguntungkan apabila jarak lampu dan object sangat dekat. Pada lampu baca hal ini dapat dilakukan karena object yang akan diterangi tidak terlalu luas. Lagi pula berkas cahaya pada lampu baca dapat kita kosentrasikan (dengan lensa atau pemantul) sehingga dapat diperoleh intensitas yang tinggi. Dengan menggabungkan kedua teknik diatas, lampu baca hanya memerlukan daya yang kecil. Dalam hal ini lampu baca LED sangat sesuai.<br />
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Bukan tidak mungkin, bila teknologi LED sudah semakin maju, efficacy LED akan mengalahkan Fluorencent. Semua lampu nantinya akan diganti dengan lampu LED. Kita tunggu saja kejutan yang akan dibuat LED<br />
<br />
Konstruksi<br />
LED putih Ultra-Bright<br />
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Kini tersedia LED berbagai warna : merah, hijau, kuning, biru dan lainnya. Umumnya LED yang digunakan sebagai Lampu tidur adalah LED putih sangat terang "Ultra Bright". Sebenarnya LED hanya dapat menghasilkan warna tertentu (monocromatic). Seperti kita ketahui cahaya putih adalah campuran berbagai warna. Sebenarnya LED putih adalah LED biru yang dilapisi fluor. Jadi cahaya putih berasal dari lapisan flour yang berpendar ketika cahaya biru tertimpa lapisan tadi.<br />
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Komponen-komponen elektonika yang perlu anda beli merakit sendiri lampu tidur LED<br />
Daftar komponen lampu tidur LED Jenis Simbol Rating<br />
Resistor R1, R2 680 ohm; 1/2W<br />
R3 470k ohm; 1/2W<br />
Kapasitor C1 220 nF; 400V<br />
C2 47 uF; 50V<br />
DIODA D1-D4 1N4007<br />
DIODA Zener DZ1, DZ2 18V, 1/2W<br />
LED LED1-LED8 putih; ultra bright<br />
<br />
Anda harus pula membeli : Kabel, fitting, saklar dan lain-lain. Sebagai wadah dari lampu saya membuat membuat sendiri dari kayu dan tripeks yang direkat dengan paku dan Lem PVac. Wadah berbentuk kotak berlubang kemudian lubang saya tutup dengan lembaran Plastik (PolyPropilene-sheet).<br />
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Skema Rangkaian Lampu Tidur LED<br />
Skema Lampu Led<br />
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Pola PCB untuk lampu LED dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini. Pastikan anda mencetak dalam ukuran 300 pixel/inch untuk mencapai ukuran 100%<br />
<br />
PCB lampu Led<br />
PCB Lampu LED<br />
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Layout lampu Led<br />
Layout Lampu LED<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Photo proyek<br />
Rencana lampu Led Rencana Perakitan<br />
PCB lampu Led<br />
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Cara Kerja Rangkaian<br />
Tanpa kehilangan Energi<br />
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LED harus dinyalakan dengan arus searah (DC). Selain itu, LED tidak boleh langsung dihubungkan dengan baterai atau sumber tegangan DC. Arus yang besar akan mengalir, LED seketika akan rusak. Sebelum dihubungkan dengan baterai harus dipasang hambatan sebagai pembatas arus.<br />
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LED yang dipasang sebagai lampu tidur haruslah dapat bekerja dengan tegangan jaringan AC 220V. Karena untuk menyalakan LED diperlukan arus DC, maka tegangan jaringan perlu kita searahkan dahulu. Sebagai penyearah digunakan jembatan dioda D1, D2, D3 dan D4.<br />
Skema Lampu Led<br />
<br />
Arus yang mengalir pada LED harus dibatasi sekitar 10mA. Dalam hal ini hambatan tidak digunakan sebagai pembatas arus karena akan memboroskan energi berupa panas. Sebagai pembatas arus kita gunakan kapasitor C1. Penggunaan tegangan AC meskipun cukup merepotkan ada untungnya juga. Kita dapat menggunakan kapasitor yang tidak memakan daya sebagai pembatas arus. Ini tidak dapat diterapkan pada rangkaian arus searah! Pembatas arus pada tegangan searah haruslah berupa hambatan yang memboroskan energi<br />
<br />
Setelah anda melihat-lihat gambar "Skema Lampu Tidur LED" timbullah pertanyaan dalam benak anda; karena dalam rangkaian tersebut terdapat beberapa hambatan. Bukankah kita sepakat tidak menggunakan hambatan agar tidak ada energi yang terbuang? Penggunaan hambatan tersebut hanyalah sebagai "bumbu penyedap". Nanti saya jelaskan kegunaannya. Bila anda seorang perfeksionis yang tidak setuju dengan adanya hambatan tersebut anda dapat membuangnya. Bagaimanapun kita usahakan agar hambatan memakan daya sekecil mungkin.<br />
<br />
Mari kita bahas satu-persatu fungsi dari hambatan tersebut. Hambatan R1//R2 berguna untuk membatasi arus kejut kapasitor ketika pertama kali dinyalakan. Arus kejut paling besar terjadi bila kebetulan dinyalakan tepat pada tegangan puncak. Bila arus kejut tidak dibatasi mungkin akan memperpendek umur dioda, C1 dan C2. Rating daya R1//R2 sengaja dibuat berlebihan agar mampu menahan arus kejut. R1 dipararel dengan R2 agar diperoleh rating daya yang besar. Hambatan R3 berfungsi membuang muatan kapasitor ketika lampu dipadamkan. Kapasitor yang terbuang muatannya membantu mengurangi arus kejut. Apabila muatan kapasitor tidak dibuang, kita dapat tersengat listrik ketika logam steker (konektor) kita pegang setelah steker kita cabut dari stop kontak (outlet listrik).<br />
<br />
Hambatan-hambatan tersebut praktis tidak memakan daya. R1//R2 dibuat jauh lebih kecil dari reaktansi kapasitif C1 (=Xc). Sedangkan R3 dibuat jauh lebih besar dibandingkan Xc.<br />
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C2 berguna untuk meratakan arus searah. Bila C2 ditanggalkan arus yang mengalir pada LED akan berupa arus searah berdenyut. Ini akan mengakibatkan kedipan nyala lampu dengan frekwensi dua kali frekwensi tegangan jaringan, jadi 100 kedipan tiap detik. Kebanyakan orang tidak menyadari adanya kedipan secepat itu. Tetapi untuk orang yang sensitif kedipan ini sangat mengganggu.<br />
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Dioda Zener Dz1 dan Dz2 dalam keadaan normal tidak bekerja. Jumlah tegangan tembus kedua dioda dibuat lebih besar dari tegangan LED. Apabila salah satu LED putus dan dioda Zener tidak dipasang, maka pada C2 akan terbit tegangan cukup besar. Sebesar tegangan puncak jaringan listrik (=311 Volt). Ini akan merusak kapasitor C2. Dioda Zener mencegah hal tersebut terjadi. Tegangan yang terbit pada C2 ketika LED putus hanyalah setinggi jumlah tegangan tembus Dioda Zener. Gantilah LED yang putus dengan yang baru niscaya lampu bekerja kembali!<br />
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Selain untuk lampu tidur, rangkaian LED semacam ini dapat dikembangkan menjadi lampu baca, Lampu petunjuk : OPEN, Kasir, Toilet, Exit, Lampu untuk nomor rumah, nama toko, rumah makan, hotel dan lainnya. Bila anda tertarik membuat lampu semacam itu anda perlu merancang sendirisabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2811541582484673698.post-30665232141567878572010-01-01T05:55:00.000-08:002010-01-01T06:28:10.897-08:00awas 99.9% bisnis online adalah penipuan, fiktif dan tak amanahawas 99.9% bisnis online adalah penipuan, fiktif dan tak amanah<br /><br />penulis telah beberapa kali mencarai dan mempraktikan langsung dar beberapa sumber dan hampir 99.9% adalah bohong fiktif dan membodihi masyarakat kita. mending kita bisnis yang realistis dan halaldaripada kita harus dipaksakan oleh suatu sistem entah itu bisnis online.<br />wahai sahabat mealui tulisan ini saya menggugah bagi anda yang benar benar ingin kaya yang senatiasa berkah dan diberkahoi oleh alloh swt :<br />1. pastikan bahwa semua rizki ituada yang mengatur yakni alloh<br />2. pastikan setiap usaha bisnis yang antum lakukan adalah hnaya untuk mencari keridhoaan alloh dan taawun <br />3. usaha dan ihtiar adlah jalan real menuju rizkinya yakni senantiasa belajar dan balajar terus tak kenal menyerah<br />4. alloh pasti akan mewujudkan keinginan kita jiak itu kita lakukan dengan realistis dan kerja kerassabicatronikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08578898936508242507noreply@blogger.com0